The skin is the body's largest organ, covering the body. In addition to serving as a protective shield against heat, light, injury, and infection, the skin also:

·         Regulates body temperature.

·         Stores water and fat.

·         Is a sensory organ.

·         Prevents water loss.

·         Prevents entry of bacteria.

A great deal of variation can be found in the design of glands. They are classified into simple and compound types. Note there are tubular and alveolar types. Here is a

branched alveolar type, a sebaceous gland associated with a hair follicle. Secretory cells of exocrine glands release their products into ducts in three different ways. The mode of secretion can be classified as merocrine, apocrine, or holocrine. Cells that secrete products via the merocrine method form membrane-bound secretory vesicles internal to the cell. These are moved to the apical surface where the vesicles coalesce with the membrane on the apical surface to release the product. Most glands release their products in way.

In those glands that release product via the apocrine method, the apical portions of cells are pinched off and lost during the secretory process. This results in a secretory product that contains a variety of molecular components including those of the membrane. Mammary glands release their products in this manner.

The third type of secretory release, holocrine, involves death of the cell. The secretory cell is released and as it breaks apart, the contents of the cell become the secretory product. This mode of secretion results in the most complex secretory product. Some sweat glands located in the axillae, pubic areas, and around the areoli of the breasts release their products in this manner. Sebaceous glands also are of this type.

Regardless of gland type, structural complexity, or mode of secretion, epithelia are the secretory cells of all glands. Epithelia also form the ducts that connect the glands to the surface. Remember this as glandular structures found in tissues can be identified as clusters of tightly packed cells with very little intercellular space, an epithelial characteristic. When ducts are present and cut in longitudinal or cross-section, epithelial cells are also seen making up these structures. Simple cuboidal epithelia are the most typical type found in the body and ducts of exocrine glands.

Here is a view of simple cuboidal cells of a duct in cross-section and longitudinal section.

Endocrine glands are the hormone producing structures of the body. Some, like the thyroid are large and obvious. Others, for instance the islet cells of the pancreas, are small islands of endocrine cells embedded within the larger exocrine portion of this organ.

In lacking ducts, endocrine cells release their secretory products into the interstitial spaces around the cells. The hormones diffuse into nearby capillaries and are then carried to all parts of the body. Only when the hormones encounter a target organ do they exert an effect.

Question 8: A burn that involves the entire epidermis and some of the dermis is a
First Degree Burn
Third Degree Burn
Fourth Degree Burn
Second Degree Burn

The prickle cell layer (stratum spinosum) is the next layer (8-10 layers of cells). The cells in these layers have lots of desmosomes, which anchor the cells to each other, and contain thick tufts of intermediate filaments (keratin). When the cell shrinks slightly, during fixation, the desmosomes from neighbouring cells remain tightly bound to each other, and these connections look like 'prickles' or 'spines', hence the name prickle cells.
The stratum germinativum composed of stratum basale and stratum spinosum, is the deepest layer of the epidermis. It is also referred to as the basal layer of the skin. The epidermis is another name for the outermost layer of skin in humans as well as other mammals. The primary function of this region is to assist in the regeneration of the epidermis.

The type of cells provided to the epidermis by the stratum germinativum are known as germinal cells. A germinal cell is simply a cell from which other cells are derived. The germinal cells developed in this layer are kept separate from the dermis by a thin membrane. The dermis makes up the majority of the thickness of the skin.

Once a cell that has originated in the stratum germinativum undergoes what is known as a mitotic division, the new cell will go through a process known as keratinization as it makes its way to the surface. Mitotic division is another term for the process of mitosis. Mitosis is the name given to the type of cell division that causes one cell to divide, thus creating more cells that are identical in nature to the original cell.

The process of keratinization turns a substance into keratin. Keratin is a type of scleroprotein and is found in various places within the body. In the case of the stratum germinativum, keratin is important to the overall health of the skin. Keratin helps keep the skin waterproof while assisting other substances, such as elastin and collagen, to give the skin the strength it needs in order to function properly.

The stratum germinativum has been found to play an important role in healing certain types of injuries to the skin, particularly thermal injuries. Scientific study involving this layer have dramatically increased the success rates of skin grafts, particularly those necessary due to third degree burns. Early skin grafts only included the top two layers of skin. Once it was discovered that skin growth and repair occur much easier and much more quickly when using the stratum germinativum, skin grafting techniques became more successful and able to be more widely used.

The more modern and successful methods of skin grafting employ the use of a layer of stratum germinativum cells. These cells are then attached to a layer of artificial skin. Other cells are attached to this basic structure at a later time. This technique has led to major medical advances in the treatment of thermal injury to the skin.

Question 18: In which layer of epidermis do the nucleus and other organelles disintegrate, and the cells die?
Stratum Corneum
Stratum Lucidum
Stratum Granulosum
Stratum spinosum


Question 19: What is the purpose of the little hairs inside the nose that are a part of the integumentary system?
To fight disease
To keep dust outside of the lungs
They serve no purpose
To tickle the nose and cause sneezes to remove allergens


Question 20: The __________ consists of many layers of dead squamous cells surrounded by lipids
Dermis
Epidermis
Stratum Basale
Stratus Corneum


Question 21: In which of these layers are melanocytes found?
Hypodermis
Stratum Basale
Stratus Spinosum
Stratus Germinativum


Question 22: Thick skin
usually lacks the stratum lucidum.
is typically found on the back.
Does not produce hair
unlike thin skin develops calluses and corns.


Question 23: Most of the cells of the epidermis are
fibroblasts.
Langerhans cells.
macrophages.
keratinocytes.


Question 24: Which of these statements is true regarding keratinization?
The deepest cells are located in the stratum corneum.
Epithelial cells eventually die and produce an outer layer of cells.
The stratum corneum has cuboidal or columnar cells that undergo mitotic division.
The stratum basale can thicken to produce a callus.


Question 25: Cyanosis is a condition caused by
consuming large amounts of carotene
a decrease in blood oxygen.
increased blood flow to the skin.
exposure to ultraviolet light.


Question 26: Concerning skin color, which of these statements is correctly matched?
Skin appears yellow or not enough oxygen in blood.
Skin tans or increased carotene in stratum corneum.
Pale skin or shock.
Dark skin or less melanin than light skin.


Question 27: To go on living, the body's cells need food, water, chemicals, and ...
helium
oxygen
vegetables
carbondioxide


Question 28: Melanin
production occurs in melanocytes and keratinocytes.
is present in large quantities on the soles of the feet.
is responsible for skin color, but not hair color.
is packaged into vesicles called melanosomes.


Question 29: All of these conditions increase the amount of melanin in the skin EXCEPT:
Exposure to Ultraviolet Light
freckles
Addison's disease.
vitiligo.


Question 30: Which type of burn is described by all of the following characteristics? 1. epidermis and dermis destroyed 2. initially painless 3. much scar tissue formed
first-degree burn
Second-degree burn

Fourth Degree Burn
third degree burn


Question 31: According to "the rule of nines," a man burned extensively on his head and both upper limbs has burns on __________ percent of his body.
9
18
36
27

Hair Types: (1). Terminal hair (2). Vellus hair (3). Lanugo hair (1). Terminal hair is the type of natural hair to which most people refer in their everyday lives. It is the type of hair that grows on your head, in your pubic regions and on almost all parts of your body. A hormone called androgen controls this body hair, also known as androgenic hair. (2). Vellus hair, frequently referred to as "peach fuzz," is the short, fine, colorless hair found all over the body. During puberty, vellus hair can turn into intermediate or terminal hair. Vellus hair helps to regulate body temperature. This type of natural hair, associated with women and young children, is fairly unnoticeable. In the case of many men, vellus hair is often obscured by noticeable terminal hair. (3). Lanugo is the special downy hair that completely covers the human baby inside the womb. It is like fur, but before the fetus is born the lanugo hair is replaced by vellus hair. Anorexic women have also been known to have this type of hair on their arms.

Lanugo Hair and Vellus Hair on Infants: Lanugo hair, commonly known as womb hair, begins to grow on the embryo about five months after conception. Lanugo hair is soft, fine, and generally very light. Prior to delivery, lanugo hairs are quickly replaced with vellus hairs, which is referred to as fuzz on newborn infants. Vellus hairs are present, on mature adults, on the forehead, ears, and even the scalp--particularly when adults lose their hair, due to balding. Kinds of Adult Hair: Adults have three main kinds of hair; all three kinds are always in one of the three stages of growth. Terminal hairs, found on the limbs and trunk of the body, is dark and coarse, and grows at a slower rate than hair on the scalp. Eyebrows consist of primary terminal hair, while pubic hair is secondary terminal hair. Vellus hair is found on the forehead, ears, and even the scalp of mature adults who have begun to bald. Intermediate hair, commonly referred to as transitional hair, is in the process of shifting from terminal to vellus hair, or vice versa.

Question 33: "Peach fuzz" found on the face of a 1-year old baby is
lanugo
terminal hair
papillae
vellus hair


Question 34: Terminal Hair
is found in greater quantity in adult females than in adult males.
decreases at puberty.
is fine, unpigmented hair.
is found on eyebrows and eyelids.


Question 35: The outermost layer of the hair shaft is the
Cortex
Medulla
Cubicle
Cuticle


Question 36: The hair follicle
has an epithelial root sheath and a dermal root sheath.
can provide epithelial cells for skin repair.
contains only the stratum germinativum at the hair bulb and has an arrector pili muscle attached..
All of the above


Question 37: Hair is formed from epithelial cells in the
hypodermis
dermal root sheath
hair shaft
matrix


Question 38: Scalp hairs can grow longer than eyelash hairs because
the head has a better blood supply than the eyelid.
the hair follicles in the scalp are much deeper than follicles in the eyelid.
the scalp hairs are more exposed to the sun, which stimulates growth.
the growth stage for scalp hairs is longer than for eyelash hairs.


Question 39: After the resting stage of hair growth, each hair normally
grows more rapidly.
loses its pigmentation.
produces more melanocytes.
falls out.


Question 40: Pus observed on the skin indicates that ______________
the body is trying to overcome infection
body tissues are dying
too much lymph has built up
the inflammatory response has failed to defend against bacterial invasion


Question 41: Arrector pili muscles
consist of skeletal muscle fibers.
contract in response to frightening situations.
are attached directly to the hair shaft.
cause sweat glands to contract.


Question 42: "Pattern baldness"
occurs only in men
is not genetic
involves the hormone testosterone
occurs when vellus hairs are replaced by terminal hairs


Question 43: Which glands of the skin possess all of the following characteristics? 1. secrete oily, white substance rich in lipids 2. open into a hair follicle 3. during secretion, lysis and death of secretory cells occurs
sebaceous glands
merocrine sweat glands
apocrine sweat glands
sudoriferous glands


Question 44: Which of these parts of the body have the most merocrine sweat glands?
margins of the lips
soles of the feet
forearm
leg
back of the neck


Question 45: Apocrine sweat glands
are found everywhere in the body except the palms of the hands.
produce cerumen.
produce secretions that are metabolized by bacteria to produce odor.
are located in the external auditory meatus.


Question 46: Nails
have a hyponychium, which is the whitish, crescent-shaped area at the base of the nail.
contain proteoglycans and chondrocytes.
grow from the nail matrix
have a resting stage, similar to hair.


Question 47: The nail is __________ that contains hard keratin.
stratum Granulosum
Stratum Basale
Stratum Corneum
Stratum Lucidum
Stratum Spinosum


Question 48: Which of these events occur as a result of a decrease in body temperature?
blood vessels in the epidermis dilate, at first
blood vessels in the dermis constrict if skin temperature falls below 15 degrees C
sweat is produced
interferon
contraction of arrector pili muscles


Question 49: Protective functions of the integumentary system include all of these EXCEPT:
callus formation prevents damage by friction.
hair protects the head from abrasion and ultraviolet light.
skin glands produce alkaline secretions that kill bacteria.
nails protect the ends of digits.


Question 50: As a result of aging, the skin
has decreased blood flow.
has increased activity of the sebaceous and sweat glands.
generally increases the amount of melanin produced.
increases the amount of elastic fibers in the dermis.

Question 51: Which of these is NOT considered to be a cause of acne?
hormones, especially testosterone
a diet rich in fatty foods and chocolate
abnormal keratinization of hair follicles
an increase in sebum production
the bacterium Propionibacterium acnes


Question 52: Which of these qualities must a medication possess if it is absorbed from a skin patch?
water soluble
must contain keratin
lipid soluble
must be slightly acidic


Question 53: Fatty tissue located under the dermis.
Subcutaenous Tissue
Pacinian Corpuscle
Hair Erector Muscle
Epidermis


Question 54: a muscle is connected to each hair follicle and the skin - it contracts (in response to cold, fear, etc.), resulting in an erect hair and a "goosebump" on the skin.
hair follicle
Hair Erector Muscle
Subcutaneous Tissue
Hair Shaft


Question 55: a small, sack-shaped gland that releases oily (fatty) liquids onto the hair follicle (the oil lubricated and softens the skin). These glands are located in the dermis, usually next to hair follicles.
hair follicle
sweat gland
sebaceous gland
dermis


Question 56: the part of the hair that is above the skin.
hair follicle
erector pili muscle
hair shaft
pacinian corpuscle


Question 57: (also called sudoriferous gland) a tube-shaped gland that produces perspiration. The gland is located in the epidermis; it releases sweat onto the skin.
sebaceous gland
sudoriferous gland
sweat gland
melanocyte
keratinocyte


Question 58: nerve receptors that respond to pressure and vibration; they are oval capsules of sensory nerve fibers located in the subcutaneous fatty tissue
hair follicle
blood vessels
hair erector muscle
pacinian corpuscle


Question 59: a tube-shaped sheath that surrounds the part of the hair that is under the skin. It is located in the epidermis and the dermis. The hair is nourished by the follicle at its base (this is also where the hair grows).
hair shaft
hair erector muscle
hair follicle
matrix


Question 60: What term means pertaining to the skin
epidermis
dermis
hypodermis
cutaneous
hair


Question 61: What is a malignant tumor that originates in the melanocytes and is considered the most dangerous type of skin cancer
melanoma
carcinoma
cyst
tumor
alopecia


Question 62: What is a chronic skin disease characterized by itchy red patches covered with silvery scales called
Scabies
Psoriasis
Ulceritis
Excema


Question 63: What is redness of the skin caused by swelling of the capillaries called?
Eczema
Gangrene
Hematoma
Impetigo


Question 64: What is a discolored dry sebum plugging an excretory duct of the skin called
Cyst
Comedo also known as blackhead
Alopecia
Carcinoma


Question 65: What is localized loss of skin pigmentation characterized by milk white patches called?
Wheal
Urticaria
Vitiligo also called leukoderma
Verruca
Vesicle


Question 66: What is the absence or loss of hair especially on the head called
Alopecia
Carcinoma
Melanoma
Comedo


Question 67: What is the overgrowth of a scar tissue at the site of a skin injury due to excessive collagen formation during the healing process called
Skin Lesions
Keloid
Scabies
Tinea


Question 68: What is an inflammatory disease of the sebacious follicles of the skin marked by papules and pustules called
Abcess
Carbuncle
Acne
Furuncle


Question 69: What are areas of pathologically altered tissue caused by disease, injury or wound called?
Keloid
Scabies
Skin Lesions
Tinea


Question 70: What is the integumentary term for wart
Urticaria
Psoriasis
Verruca
Impetigo


Question 71: What is a contagious skin disease transmitted by itch mite called
keloid
ulcer
Scabies
Tinea


Question 72: What is a blister like elevation of the skin containing a clear fluid called
Vitiligo
Verruca
Vesicle and large vesicles are called brullae
Urticaria


Question 73: What is the destruction of tissue by high frequency electric current called
Fulguration also called electrodessication
Debridement
Cryosurgery
Biopsy


Question 74: What is the procedure that uses subfreezing temperature to destroy abnormal tissue cells such as unwanted cancerous or infected tissue
Biopsy
Cryosurgery
Debridement
Fulguration


Question 75: The synthesis of what vitamin begins with activation of a prechemical (precursor) in the skin by sunlight?
Vitamin C
Vitamin A
Vitamin D
Vitamin B
Vitamin E


Question 76: The medical term for scar is _____
Cicatrix
Fissure
Excoriation
Ulcer


Question 77: The outermost layer of epidermis is made of
live cells
dead cells
friction cells
cuboic cells
keratinized cells


Question 78: A(n) _____ is an open lesion on the skin or muscous membrane of the body, accompanied by pus and loss of skin depth.
scar
crust
ulcer
excoriation
pimple


Question 79: Hair and nails are composed mainly of _____.
Collagen
Cartilage
Keratin
Adipose Tissue


Question 80: Sudoriferous glands are under the control of the _____ nervous sytem and are located in the dermis.
Parasympathetic
Visceral
Autonomic
Syspathetic
Central Nervous System


Question 81: _____ refers to abnormal conditions of the skin resulting from contact with chemicals or other exterior agents.
failure of the T cells to defend the body
Psoriasis
Eczema
Contact Dermatitis
Hives


Question 82: _____ makes up approximately 70 percent of the dry weight of the skin and gives it strength, form, and flexibility.
Collagen
Elastin
Tactile
Reticulum


Question 83: There are three kinds of fibers that intermingle with the cells of the dermis. They include all of the following EXCEPT _____.
Tactile
Collagen
Keratin
Squamous


Question 84: The _____ layer of the skn is considered to be the 'true' skin.
Epidermis
Dermis
Hypodermis
Subcutaneous


Question 85: A(n) _____ is a solid lump larger than a papule that projects above the surface of the skin. An example is a lipoma or cyst.
Vesicle
Macule
Pustule
Tubercle


Question 86: A(n) _____ is an external swelling, varying in size, shape, and color such as a carcinoma.
Tumor
Macule
Pustule
Vesicle


Question 87: A(n) _____ is a blister containing a watery fluid.
Acne
Bulla
Macule
Muscle Knot


Question 88: All of the following are symptoms of inflammation visible on the skin EXCEPT
pain
redness
fever
swelling


Question 89: A(n) _____ is an itchy, swollen lesion that lasts only a few hours. An example is hives or an insect bite.
Vesicle
inflammation
poison ivy contact
Wheal


Question 90: The least malignant and most common type of skin cancer is _____.
Squamous cell carcinoma
Malignant Melanoma
Basal Cell Carcinoma
Decubitus Ulceration


Question 91: Hair and nails are considered to be _____ of the skin.
Glands
Waste Products
Secretions
Appendages


Question 92: _____ glands are sweat glands.
Sebaceous
Subcutaneous
Sudoriferous
Subterranean


Question 93: The cells of the _____ layer of the epidermis are almost dead and undergo a change into cells of the more superfical layers.
Stratum granulosum
stratum spinosum
stratum lucidum
stratum germinativum


Question 94: The _____ forms a protective layer over every part of the body and varies in thickness, being thickest in the palms of the hands and soles of the feet and thinnest on the inner sides of the limbs.
Dermis
Epidermis
Subcutaneous
Hypodermis


Question 95: Which one of the folloiwing is NOT primary function of the skin
Thermoregulation
Secretion
Reproduction
Sensation


Question 96: Skin brushing and therapeutic massage offer several benefits:
Sweat gland and oil gland function tend to decrease with aging. Skin brushing and massage stimulate glands and help to restore moist, supple skin
Promotes skin beauty by exciting the underlying skin regions that provide nutrients and moisture to all layers of the skin. Skin brushing and massage help to regenerate the fibers that keep the skin healthy. It can help to alleviate cellulite as well
Stimulates physiological functions: aids lymphatic drainage of the skin and increases blood flow. Also bring a relaxing effect and decrease muscular tension
All of the Above


Question 97: Differences in male and female skin include the following
Women have more subcutaneous fat, that is fat below the skin than men. Therefore women suffer from cellulite. When last did you hear a man complain about cellulite
The skin of a man is thicker than the skin of a woman and has more collagen, therefore women tend to age faster than men.
skin of a man tends to be more deeply pigmented than the skin of a woman, therefore women are known as the fairer sex.
All of the above


Question 98: Massage involves the following responses
mechanical responses as a result of pressure and movement as the soft tissues are manipulated
reflex responses in which the nerves respond to stimulation
It helps to free adhesions, break down scar tissue and decrease inflammation.
All of the above


Question 99: The Psychological Effects of Massage include
reducing stress and anxiety by relaxing both mind and body
ease emotional trauma through relaxation
promote positive body awareness and an improved body image through relaxation
All of the above


Question 100: Following are the benefits of sports massage
Even with preventative maintenance, muscles cramp, tear, bruise, and ache. Sports massage can speed healing and reduce discomfort during the rehabilitation process.
Cross-fibre friction techniques can help with healing by improved formation of strong and flexible repair tissue, which is vital in maintaining full pain-free range of motion during rehabilitation.
Trigger point techniques reduce the spasm and pain that occur both in the injured and compensation muscles.
All of the above


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